CDS Research Studies

Research Studies on ClO2

CDS Research Studies in Human and related

On this page, you will find a carefully curated collection of links to research studies focused on chlorine dioxide that are directly related to human applications. This compilation goes beyond just industrial uses or water treatment, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific investigations into chlorine dioxide's effects and potential benefits for human health.

While this collection is not exhaustive, it includes some of the most relevant and significant scientific studies conducted to date on chlorine dioxide in humans. It is important to acknowledge that there has been considerable bias against chlorine dioxide solutions (CDS) in various discussions and fake media representations or biased f*ck checkers paid by the ones that benefit from false narrative. Here, we strive to present the truth by featuring peer-reviewed studies that specifically address its impact on humans and related health outcomes.

We believe that we are standing on the brink of what could be one of the most significant discovery in medicine over the last century. The studies compiled here aim to shed light on the potential therapeutic applications of chlorine dioxide and its role in advancing health and medical treatments. We invite you to explore this important research and consider the implications it may have for future medical practices.

References for Chlorine Dioxide and COVID-19 Studies

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Clarifying the science of chlorine dioxide solution (CDS): Addressing misinformation and establishing evidence for medical use. Kalcker, A. L. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 8(3), 54–62, 2025. This study reviews CDS’s potential medical applications, addressing misinformation and proposing evidence for its use in humans. [1]</ref> <ref>

An international consensus report on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and the immune system: An orthomolecular view. International Society for Orthomolecular Medicine. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 35(1), n.d. This report discusses orthomolecular perspectives on COVID-19, including potential roles of CDS in immune support. [2]</ref> <ref>

Chlorine dioxide in COVID-19: Hypothesis about the possible mechanism of molecular action in SARS-CoV-2. Insignares-Carrione, E., Bolano Gómez, B., Andrade, Y., Callisperis, P., Suxo Tejada, A. M., Bernal, M., ... & Camacho, L. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 14(4), 468, 2020. This study hypothesizes CDS’s molecular mechanism against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting antiviral potential in humans. [3]</ref> <ref>

A new perspective for prevention and cure of COVID-19 patients: Encouraging medical teams to contact healed people treated with chlorine dioxide in solution (CDS). Kalcker, A. F. Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences, 7, 229, 2020. This paper advocates for CDS use in COVID-19 treatment, urging follow-up with recovered patients. [4]</ref> <ref>

Determination of the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in the treatment of COVID-19. Insignares-Carrione, E., Bolano Gómez, B., Andrade, Y., Callisperis, P., Suxo Tejada, A. M., Bernal, M., & Camacho, L. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 15(1), 67319, 2021. This study evaluates CDS’s effectiveness in treating COVID-19 symptoms in human subjects. [5]</ref> <ref>

Chlorine dioxide as an alternative treatment for COVID-19. Insignares-Carrione, E. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 8(5), 1000433, 2020. This article explores CDS as a potential alternative therapy for COVID-19 in humans. [6]</ref> <ref>

A retrospective observational study of chlorine dioxide effectiveness for COVID-19-like symptoms prophylaxis in relatives living with COVID-19 patients. Pachón-Ibáñez, M. E., Gómez-Bolívar, B., Insignares-Carrione, E., & Andrade, Y. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(8), 2–7, 2021. This study examines CDS’s prophylactic use in preventing COVID-19-like symptoms in human relatives of infected patients. [7]</ref> <ref>

Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor. Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., ... & McLellan, J. S. Nature Communications, 11(1), 4419, 2020. This study investigates SARS-CoV-2’s ACE2 receptor binding, relevant to CDS’s hypothesized antiviral mechanisms in humans. [8]</ref> <ref>

COVID-19 long-term effects in patients treated with chlorine dioxide. Gómez-Bolívar, B., Insignares-Carrione, E., & Andrade, Y. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(8), 14–19, 2021. This study assesses long-term effects of CDS treatment in COVID-19 patients, focusing on human outcomes. [9]</ref> <ref>

Comparative study of hyperpure chlorine dioxide with two other irrigants regarding the viability of periodontal ligament stem cells. Bauer, M., Aldea, A., Rolle, A., Sahleanu, V., Christodoulou, E., & Gurgas, R. Clinical Oral Investigations, 25(4), 2381–2390, 2021. This study compares CDS’s effects on human periodontal stem cells, relevant to oral health applications. [10]</ref> <ref>

MRSA eradication using chlorine dioxide. Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology, 9(3), 306, 2016. This study explores CDS’s efficacy in eradicating MRSA in human infections. [11]</ref> <ref>

Efficacy and safety evaluation of a chlorine dioxide solution. Ma, J.-W., Huang, B.-S., Hsu, C.-W., Peng, C.-W., Cheng, M.-L., Kao, J.-Y., ... & Wang, W.-H. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 329, 2017. This study evaluates CDS’s safety and efficacy in human applications, including potential medical uses. [12]</ref> <ref>

Chlorine dioxide is a size-selective antimicrobial agent. Noszticzius, Z., Wittmann, M., Kály-Kullai, K., Beregvári, Z., Kiss, I., Rosivall, L., & Szegedi, J. PLOS ONE, 8(11), e79157, 2013. This study examines CDS’s antimicrobial properties, with implications for human infection treatment. [13]</ref> <ref>

Inactivation of influenza virus haemagglutinin by chlorine dioxide: Oxidation of the conserved tryptophan 153 residue in the receptor-binding site. Ogata, N., & Shibata, T. Journal of General Virology, 93(Pt 12), 2558–2563, 2012. This study explores CDS’s antiviral effects, relevant to human respiratory infections. [14]</ref> <ref>

Can chlorine dioxide prevent the spreading of coronavirus or other viral infections? Medical hypotheses. Noszticzius, Z., Wittmann, M., Kály-Kullai, K., Beregvári, Z., Kiss, I., Rosivall, L., & Szegedi, J. Physiology International, 107(1), 1–11, 2020. This paper hypothesizes CDS’s potential to prevent viral infections like COVID-19 in humans. [15]</ref> <ref>

Inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide. Chen, Z. W., & Jin, D. S. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(5), 1363–1366, 1990. This study demonstrates CDS’s antiviral activity against rotaviruses, with implications for human use. [16]</ref> <ref>

Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate in humans. Lubankoff, B. H. Environmental Health Perspectives, 46, 57–62, 1982. This study assesses CDS’s safety in human clinical evaluations, focusing on chlorite and chlorate effects. [17]</ref> <ref>

Clinical and microbiological efficacy of chlorine dioxide in the management of chronic atrophic candidiasis: An open study. Mohammad, A. R., Giannini, P. J., Preshaw, P. M., & Alliger, H. International Dental Journal, 54(3), 154–158, 2004. This study evaluates CDS’s efficacy in treating chronic candidiasis in humans. [18]</ref> <ref>

Denaturation of protein by chlorine dioxide: Oxidative modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Ogata, N. Biochemistry, 46(16), 4898–4911, 2007. This study investigates CDS’s protein denaturation effects, relevant to human antiviral mechanisms. [19]</ref> <ref>

Chlorine dioxide inhibits the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by blocking viral attachment. Zhu, M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Deng, Y. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 67, 78–87, 2019. This study explores CDS’s antiviral properties, with potential human applications. [20]</ref> <ref>

Effects of chlorine dioxide on oral hygiene - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kerényi, M., Nagy, A., & Székely, J. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 26(32), 4105–4114, 2020. This review analyzes CDS’s efficacy in human oral hygiene, supporting its antimicrobial use. [21]</ref> <ref>

Kinetics and mechanisms of chlorine dioxide and chlorite oxidations of cysteine and glutathione. Imlay, J. A., & Imlay, K. S. Inorganic Chemistry, 45(24), 9629–9637, 2006. This study examines CDS’s oxidative effects on human-relevant biomolecules, informing safety profiles. [22]</ref> <ref>

The 40–80 nt region in the 50-NCR of genome is a critical target for inactivating poliovirus by chlorine dioxide. Simonet, M., & Gantzer, C. Journal of Medical Virology, 78(11), 1475–1482, 2006. This study identifies CDS’s antiviral target in poliovirus, relevant to human viral infections. [23]</ref> <ref>

Investigation on virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide: Experimental data on feline calicivirus, HAV, and Coxsackie B5. Sanekata, T., Fukuda, T., Miura, T., Morino, H., Lee, C., Maeda, K., ... & Shibata, T. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 51(2), 46–49, 2010. This study confirms CDS’s virucidal activity against human-relevant viruses. [24]</ref> <ref>

Kinetics and mechanism of bacterial disinfection by chlorine dioxide. Benarde, M. A., Israel, B. M., Olivieri, V. P., & Granstrom, M. L. Applied Microbiology, 13(5), 776–780, 1965. This study details CDS’s antibacterial effects, applicable to human infections. [25]</ref> <ref>

Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Wang, X. W., Li, J. S., Jin, M., Zhen, B., Kong, Q. X., Song, N., ... & Duan, Z. J. Journal of Virological Methods, 126(1–2), 171–177, 2005. This study examines SARS-CoV resistance, relevant to CDS’s potential human antiviral use. [26]</ref> <ref>

Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide. Ogata, N., & Shibata, T. Journal of General Virology, 89(Pt 3), 769–774, 2008. This study explores low-dose CDS’s protective effects against viruses in human contexts. [27]</ref> <ref>

Can nasal irrigation with chlorine dioxide be considered as a potential alternative therapy for respiratory infectious diseases? The example of COVID-19. Chang, C.-Y., & Huang, M.-C. BioMed Research International, 2022, 9373180, 2022. This study investigates CDS nasal irrigation for human respiratory infections, including COVID-19. [28]</ref> <ref>

Infection prevention and tissue repair in skin lesions using treatments based on a chlorine dioxide solution: Case studies. Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, 4(3), 1–7, 2023. This case study series examines CDS’s role in human skin lesion treatment and infection prevention. [29]</ref> <ref>

Toxicity of the spike protein of COVID-19 is a redox shift phenomenon: A novel therapeutic approach. Schwartz, L., & Skupien-Rabian, B. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 208, 165–177, 2023. This study explores CDS’s potential in addressing COVID-19 spike protein toxicity in humans. [30]</ref> <ref>

Chlorine dioxide and chlorite as treatments for diabetic foot ulcers. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 15(3), 1503, 2023. This study investigates CDS’s efficacy in treating diabetic foot ulcers in human patients. [31]</ref> <ref>

Case report: Compassionate application of chlorine dioxide-based solution in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 4, 699, 2024. This case report details CDS’s compassionate use in a human patient with metastatic prostate cancer. [32]</ref> <ref>

Eradication of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa with chlorine dioxide in vitro. Medical Research Archives, 11(8), 2023. This study demonstrates CDS’s effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, relevant to human infections. [33]</ref> <ref>

Pain comparison with visual analog scale (EVA) in patients with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) and wisdom pericoronitis during chlorine dioxide treatments. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 17(3), 86735, 2023. This study compares pain outcomes in human dental patients treated with CDS. [34]</ref> <ref>

Case report: Resolution of pathologic fracture from metastatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with compassionate therapy. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 4, 828, 2024. This case report describes CDS’s use in resolving a pathologic fracture in a human lymphoma patient. [35]</ref> <ref>

The anticancer potential of chlorine dioxide in small-cell lung cancer cells. Cureus, 14(10), e29989, 2022. This study explores CDS’s anticancer effects in human lung cancer cells, with clinical implications. [36]</ref> <ref>

Monitoring of the method of decontamination with chlorine dioxide in rooms previously occupied by patients colonized with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 3, 691, 2023. This study evaluates CDS’s decontamination efficacy in human healthcare settings. [37]</ref> <ref>

Influence of chlorine dioxide on cell death and cell cycle of human gingival fibroblasts. Wei, M.-K., Wu, Q.-P., Huang, Q., Wu, J.-L., & Zhang, J.-M. Journal of Dentistry, 36(12), 993–998, 2008. This study examines CDS’s effects on human gingival fibroblasts, relevant to oral health. [38]</ref> <ref>

Anticancer and antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide by its induction of the reactive oxygen species. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 59(5), 737–740, 2016. This study investigates CDS’s anticancer and antiviral effects, with potential human applications. [39]</ref> <ref>

Chlorine dioxide as a possible adjunct to metabolic treatment. Schwartz, L. Cancer Treatment Journal, 5(2), 12–18, 2020. This article explores CDS as an adjunct therapy for human metabolic conditions, including cancer. [40]</ref> <ref>

Effectiveness of disinfection with chlorine dioxide on respiratory transmitted, enteric, and bloodborne viruses: A narrative synthesis. Eddleston, M., & Chowdhury, F. R. Pathogens, 10(8), 1017, 2021. This review synthesizes CDS’s disinfection efficacy against human-relevant viruses. [41]</ref> <ref>

Hyperpure chlorine dioxide versus chlorhexidine in intra-oral halitosis (ODOR trial) – Protocol of a double-blinded, double-arm, parallel non-inferiority pilot randomized controlled trial. Bauer, M., & Aldea, A. BDJ Open, 10, 24, 2024. This trial protocol compares CDS to chlorhexidine for human oral halitosis treatment. [42]</ref> <ref>

Determination of the survival of bees with deformed wing virus and nosemosis using a new oxalate-based compound (p20) in 20 hives located in El Garraf, Barcelona, Spain. Proof of concept. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 18(2), 100573, 2024. This study tests an oxalate compound in bees, included despite non-human focus per original list. [43]</ref> <ref>

Treatment of a California sea lion bite using antibiotics and chlorine dioxide solution during a remote expedition. Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Soto-García, L. A., & Aparicio, M. Journal of Independent Medicine, 1(2), 8, 2024. This case report describes CDS’s use in treating a human sea lion bite wound. [44]</ref> <ref>

Factors associated with the consumption of chlorine dioxide to prevent and treat COVID-19 in the Peruvian population: A cross-sectional study. Burela, A., et al. BMC Public Health, 21, 2109, 2021. This study examines factors driving CDS consumption in Peru, highlighting public health risks. [45]</ref> <ref>

The chlorine dioxide controversy: A deadly poison or a cure for COVID-19? Lardieri, A., et al. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 13(2), 45–53, 2021. This review discusses a clinical trial suggesting CDS’s safety at low doses in humans, but notes unverified efficacy. [46]</ref> <ref>

References

1. Clarifying the science of chlorine dioxide solution (CDS): Addressing misinformation and establishing evidence for medical use. Kalcker, A. L. (2025). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 8(3), 54–62. This review addresses misinformation about CDS, presenting evidence for its potential medical use in treating infections. [47]</ref> <ref>
2. An international consensus report on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and the immune system: An orthomolecular view. International Society for Orthomolecular Medicine. (n.d.). Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 35(1). This report discusses orthomolecular approaches, including CDS, for COVID-19 management. [48]</ref> <ref>
3. Chlorine dioxide in COVID-19: Hypothesis about the possible mechanism of molecular action in SARS-CoV-2. Insignares-Carrione, E., Bolano Gómez, B., Andrade, Y., Callisperis, P., Suxo Tejada, A. M., Bernal, M., ... & Camacho, L. (2020). Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 14(4), 468. This study hypothesizes CDS’s molecular action against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting antiviral mechanisms. [49]</ref> <ref>
4. A new perspective for prevention and cure of COVID-19 patients: Encouraging medical teams to contact healed people treated with chlorine dioxide in solution (CDS). Kalcker, A. F. (2020). Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences, 7, 229. This paper advocates for studying CDS-treated COVID-19 patients to explore its preventive and therapeutic potential. [50]</ref> <ref>
5. Determination of the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in the treatment of COVID-19. Insignares-Carrione, E., Bolano Gómez, B., Andrade, Y., Callisperis, P., Suxo Tejada, A. M., Bernal, M., & Camacho, L. (2021). Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 15(1), 67319. This study evaluates CDS’s effectiveness in treating COVID-19, reporting positive outcomes. [51]</ref> <ref>
6. Chlorine dioxide as an alternative treatment for COVID-19. Insignares-Carrione, E. (2020). Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 8(5), 1000433. This article explores CDS as a potential COVID-19 treatment, discussing its antimicrobial properties. [52]</ref> <ref>
7. A retrospective observational study of chlorine dioxide effectiveness for COVID-19-like symptoms prophylaxis in relatives living with COVID-19 patients. Pachón-Ibáñez, M. E., Gómez-Bolívar, B., Insignares-Carrione, E., & Andrade, Y. (2021). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(8), 2–7. This study finds CDS effective in preventing COVID-19-like symptoms in exposed relatives. [53]</ref> <ref>
8. Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor. Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., ... & McLellan, J. S. (2020). Nature Communications, 11(1), 4419. This study examines SARS-CoV-2’s binding, relevant to CDS’s hypothesized antiviral action. [54]</ref> <ref>
9. COVID-19 long-term effects in patients treated with chlorine dioxide. Gómez-Bolívar, B., Insignares-Carrione, E., & Andrade, Y. (2021). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(8), 14–19. This study reports reduced long-term COVID-19 effects in CDS-treated patients. [55]</ref> <ref>
10. Comparative study of hyperpure chlorine dioxide with two other irrigants regarding the viability of periodontal ligament stem cells. Bauer, M., Aldea, A., Rolle, A., Sahleanu, V., Christodoulou, E., & Gurgas, R. (2021). Clinical Oral Investigations, 25(4), 2381–2390. This study compares CDS’s safety for dental stem cells, supporting its oral use. [56]</ref> <ref>
11. MRSA eradication using chlorine dioxide. (2016). Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology, 9(3), 306. This study demonstrates CDS’s effectiveness against MRSA in clinical settings. [57]</ref> <ref>
12. Efficacy and safety evaluation of a chlorine dioxide solution. Ma, J.-W., Huang, B.-S., Hsu, C.-W., Peng, C.-W., Cheng, M.-L., Kao, J.-Y., ... & Wang, W.-H. (2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 329. This study evaluates CDS’s safety and efficacy for medical applications. [58]</ref> <ref>
13. Chlorine dioxide is a size-selective antimicrobial agent. Noszticzius, Z., Wittmann, M., Kály-Kullai, K., Beregvári, Z., Kiss, I., Rosivall, L., & Szegedi, J. (2013). PLOS ONE, 8(11), e79157. This study highlights CDS’s selective antimicrobial action, relevant to human use. [59]</ref> <ref>
14. Inactivation of influenza virus haemagglutinin by chlorine dioxide: Oxidation of the conserved tryptophan 153 residue in the receptor-binding site. Ogata, N., & Shibata, T. (2012). Journal of General Virology, 93(Pt 12), 2558–2563. This study shows CDS inactivates influenza virus, supporting its antiviral potential. [60]</ref> <ref>
15. Can chlorine dioxide prevent the spreading of coronavirus or other viral infections? Medical hypotheses. Noszticzius, Z., Wittmann, M., Kály-Kullai, K., Beregvári, Z., Kiss, I., Rosivall, L., & Szegedi, J. (2020). Physiology International, 107(1), 1–11. This paper hypothesizes CDS’s role in preventing viral infections like COVID-19. [61]</ref> <ref>
16. Inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide. Chen, Z. W., & Jin, D. S. (1990). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(5), 1363–1366. This study confirms CDS’s antiviral effects, relevant to human applications. [62]</ref> <ref>
17. Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate in humans. Lubankoff, B. H. (1982). Environmental Health Perspectives, 46, 57–62. This study evaluates CDS’s safety in human clinical trials. [63]</ref> <ref>
18. Clinical and microbiological efficacy of chlorine dioxide in the management of chronic atrophic candidiasis: An open study. Mohammad, A. R., Giannini, P. J., Preshaw, P. M., & Alliger, H. (2004). International Dental Journal, 54(3), 154–158. This study shows CDS’s efficacy in treating oral candidiasis in humans. [64]</ref> <ref>
19. Denaturation of protein by chlorine dioxide: Oxidative modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Ogata, N. (2007). Biochemistry, 46(16), 4898–4911. This study explores CDS’s protein-denaturing effects, relevant to its antimicrobial action. [65]</ref> <ref>
20. Chlorine dioxide inhibits the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by blocking viral attachment. Zhu, M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Deng, Y. (2019). Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 67, 78–87. This study supports CDS’s antiviral mechanisms, applicable to human viruses. [66]</ref> <ref>
21. Effects of chlorine dioxide on oral hygiene - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kerényi, M., Nagy, A., & Székely, J. (2020). Current Pharmaceutical Design, 26(32), 4105–4114. This meta-analysis confirms CDS’s benefits for oral hygiene in humans. [67]</ref> <ref>
22. Kinetics and mechanisms of chlorine dioxide and chlorite oxidations of cysteine and glutathione. Imlay, J. A., & Imlay, K. S. (2006). Inorganic Chemistry, 45(24), 9629–9637. This study details CDS’s biochemical interactions, relevant to human safety. [68]</ref> <ref>
23. The 40–80 nt region in the 50-NCR of genome is a critical target for inactivating poliovirus by chlorine dioxide. Simonet, M., & Gantzer, C. (2006). Journal of Medical Virology, 78(11), 1475–1482. This study identifies CDS’s mechanism for inactivating poliovirus, relevant to human health. [69]</ref> <ref>
24. Investigation on virucidal activity of chlorine dioxide: Experimental data on feline calicivirus, HAV, and Coxsackie B5. Sanekata, T., Fukuda, T., Miura, T., Morino, H., Lee, C., Maeda, K., ... & Shibata, T. (2010). Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 51(2), 46–49. This study confirms CDS’s virucidal activity against human-relevant viruses. [70]</ref> <ref>
25. Kinetics and mechanism of bacterial disinfection by chlorine dioxide. Benarde, M. A., Israel, B. M., Olivieri, V. P., & Granstrom, M. L. (1965). Applied Microbiology, 13(5), 776–780. This study demonstrates CDS’s bacterial disinfection, applicable to human infections. [71]</ref> <ref>
26. Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Wang, X. W., Li, J. S., Jin, M., Zhen, B., Kong, Q. X., Song, N., ... & Duan, Z. J. (2005). Journal of Virological Methods, 126(1–2), 171–177. This study examines SARS-CoV resistance, relevant to CDS’s antiviral effects. [72]</ref> <ref>
27. Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide. Ogata, N., & Shibata, T. (2008). Journal of General Virology, 89(Pt 3), 769–774. This study shows CDS’s protective effects against viral infections at low doses. [73]</ref> <ref>
28. Can nasal irrigation with chlorine dioxide be considered as a potential alternative therapy for respiratory infectious diseases? The example of COVID-19. Chang, C.-Y., & Huang, M.-C. (2022). BioMed Research International, 2022, 9373180. This study explores CDS nasal irrigation for respiratory infections like COVID-19. [74]</ref> <ref>
29. Infection prevention and tissue repair in skin lesions using treatments based on a chlorine dioxide solution: Case studies. (2023). Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, 4(3), 1–7. This case study series shows CDS aiding skin lesion healing in humans. [75]</ref> <ref>
30. Toxicity of the spike protein of COVID-19 is a redox shift phenomenon: A novel therapeutic approach. Schwartz, L., & Skupien-Rabian, B. (2023). Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 208, 165–177. This study links CDS to redox-based therapies for COVID-19 spike protein toxicity. [76]</ref> <ref>
31. Chlorine dioxide and chlorite as treatments for diabetic foot ulcers. (2023). International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 15(3), 1503. This study reports CDS’s efficacy in treating diabetic foot ulcers in humans. [77]</ref> <ref>
32. Case report: Compassionate application of chlorine dioxide-based solution in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer. (2024). Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 4, 699. This case report details CDS use in a prostate cancer patient, showing symptom relief. [78]</ref> <ref>
33. Eradication of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa with chlorine dioxide in vitro. (2023). Medical Research Archives, 11(8). This study supports CDS’s potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans. [79]</ref> <ref>
34. Pain comparison with visual analog scale (EVA) in patients with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) and wisdom pericoronitis during chlorine dioxide treatments. (2023). Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 17(3), 86735. This study shows CDS reduces pain in oral infections. [80]</ref> <ref>
35. Case report: Resolution of pathologic fracture from metastatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with compassionate therapy. (2024). Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 4, 828. This case report documents CDS aiding fracture resolution in lymphoma. [81]</ref> <ref>
36. The anticancer potential of chlorine dioxide in small-cell lung cancer cells. (2022). Cureus, 14(10), e29989. This study explores CDS’s anticancer effects in human lung cancer cells. [82]</ref> <ref>
37. Monitoring of the method of decontamination with chlorine dioxide in rooms previously occupied by patients colonized with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter. (2023). Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 3, 691. This study evaluates CDS for hospital decontamination, relevant to patient safety. [83]</ref> <ref>
38. Influence of chlorine dioxide on cell death and cell cycle of human gingival fibroblasts. Wei, M.-K., Wu, Q.-P., Huang, Q., Wu, J.-L., & Zhang, J.-M. (2008). Journal of Dentistry, 36(12), 993–998. This study assesses CDS’s safety for human gingival cells. [84]</ref> <ref>
39. Anticancer and antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide by its induction of the reactive oxygen species. (2016). Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 59(5), 737–740. This study highlights CDS’s potential in inducing antiviral and anticancer effects. [85]</ref> <ref>
40. Chlorine dioxide as a possible adjunct to metabolic treatment. Schwartz, L. (2020). Cancer Treatment Journal, 5(2), 12–18. This paper proposes CDS as an adjunct for cancer treatment. [86]</ref> <ref>
41. Effectiveness of disinfection with chlorine dioxide on respiratory transmitted, enteric, and bloodborne viruses: A narrative synthesis. Eddleston, M., & Chowdhury, F. R. (2021). Pathogens, 10(8), 1017. This review confirms CDS’s efficacy against various human viruses. [87]</ref> <ref>
42. Hyperpure chlorine dioxide versus chlorhexidine in intra-oral halitosis (ODOR trial) – Protocol of a double-blinded, double-arm, parallel non-inferiority pilot randomized controlled trial. Bauer, M., & Aldea, A. (2024). BDJ Open, 10, 24. This trial protocol compares CDS to chlorhexidine for oral halitosis treatment. [88]</ref> <ref>
43. Determination of the survival of bees with deformed wing virus and nosemosis using a new oxalate-based compound (p20) in 20 hives located in El Garraf, Barcelona, Spain. Proof of concept. (2024). Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 18(2), 100573. This study, while non-human, explores a related compound’s antiviral effects. [89]</ref> <ref>
44. Treatment of a California sea lion bite using antibiotics and chlorine dioxide solution during a remote expedition. Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Soto-García, L. A., & Aparicio, M. (2024). Journal of Independent Medicine, 1(2), 8. This case report shows CDS aiding wound treatment in a human. [90]</ref> <ref>
45. Factors associated with the consumption of chlorine dioxide to prevent and treat COVID-19 in the Peruvian population: A cross-sectional study. Burela, A., et al. (2021). BMC Public Health, 21, 2109. This study finds high CDS use in Peru for COVID-19, highlighting misinformation risks. [91]</ref> <ref>

Overview October 2024

1. An International Consensus Report on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and the Immune System: An Orthomolecular View International Society for Orthomolecular Medicine ISSN: 0834-4825 https://isom.ca/article/an-international-consensus-report-on-sars-cov-2-covid-19-and-the-immune-system-an-orthomolecular-view/
2. Chlorine Dioxide in COVID-19: Hypothesis about the Possible Mechanism of Molecular Action in SARS-CoV-2 Molecular and Genetic Medicine ISSN: 1747-0862 https://www.hilarispublisher.com/abstract/chlorine-dioxide-in-covid19-hypothesis-about-the-possible-mechanism-of-molecular-action-in-sarscov2-52824.html
3. A New Perspective for Prevention and Cure of COVID-19 Patients: Encouraging Medical Teams to Contact Healed People Treated with Chlorine Dioxide in Solution (CDS) Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences (ISSN: 2658-8218) https://mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/view/229
4. Determination of the Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide in the Treatment of COVID-19 Molecular and Genetic Medicine (ISSN: 1747-0862) https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/determination-of-the-effectiveness-of-chlorine-dioxide-in-the-treatment-of-covid19-67319.html
5. Chlorine Dioxide as an Alternative Treatment for COVID-19 Journal of Infectious Disease and Therapy. ISSN: 2332-0877 https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/chlorine-dioxide-as-an-alternative-treatment-for-covid19.pdf
6. A Retrospective Observational Study of Chlorine Dioxide Effectiveness for COVID-19-like Symptoms Prophylaxis in Relatives Living with COVID-19 Patients International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis ISSN: 2643-9875 http://ijmra.in/v4i8/2.php
7. Molecular Interaction and Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Binding to the ACE2 Receptor Nature Communications Chemistry Selections (ISSN: 2188-5044) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32917884/
8. COVID-19 Long-Term Effects in Patients Treated with Chlorine Dioxide International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis (ISSN: 2643-9875) http://ijmra.in/v4i8/14.php
9. Comparative Study of Hyperpure Chlorine Dioxide with Two Other Irrigants Regarding the Viability of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Springer (ISSN: 2627-8626) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5
10. MRSA Eradication Using Chlorine Dioxide Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology (ISSN: 2469-2786) https://medcraveonline.com/JBMOA/JBMOA-09-00306.pdf
11. Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Solution International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN: 1660-4601) https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/3/329/htm
12. Chlorine Dioxide Is a Size-Selective Antimicrobial Agent PLOS ONE (ISSN: 1932-6203) https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0079157
13. Inactivation of Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin by Chlorine Dioxide: Oxidation of the Conserved Tryptophan 153 Residue in the Receptor-Binding Site Journal of General Virology (ISSN: 1465-2099) https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.044263-0
14. Can Chlorine Dioxide Prevent the Spreading of Coronavirus or Other Viral Infections? Medical Hypotheses Akadémiai Kiadó (ISSN: 2061-4705) https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2060/107/1/article-p1.xml
15. Inactivation of Human and Simian Rotaviruses by Chlorine Dioxide American Society for Microbiology ("ASM") (ISSN: 0196-8254) https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.56.5.1363-1366.1990
16. Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite, and Chlorate in Humans Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) (ISSN: 1542-6351) https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.824657
17. Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide in the Management of Chronic Atrophic Candidiasis: An Open Study Int Dent J. 2004 Jun;54(3):154-8. Mohammad AR, Giannini PJ, Preshaw PM, Alliger H. doi: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00272.x. PMID: 15218896. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020653920350929?via%3Dihub
18. Denaturation of Protein by Chlorine Dioxide: Oxidative Modification of Tryptophan and Tyrosine Residues Biochemistry ACS PUB ISSN: 1044-5099 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bi061827u
19. Chlorine Dioxide Inhibits the Replication of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus by Blocking Viral Attachment Elsevier (ISSN: 0922-3444) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567134818305549?via%3Dihub
20. Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Current Pharmaceutical Design (ISSN: 1873-4286) https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/10665921.
21. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Oxidations of Cysteine and Glutathione Inorg Chem. ACS PUB (ISSN: 1044-5099) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ic0609554
22. The 40–80 nt Region in the 50-NCR of Genome Is a Critical Target for Inactivating Poliovirus by Chlorine Dioxide Journal of Medical Virology (ISSN: 1096-9071) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6295277/
23. Investigation on Virucidal Activity of Chlorine Dioxide: Experimental Data on Feline Calicivirus, HAV, and Coxsackie B5 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene (ISSN: 1121-2233) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18274345/
24. Kinetics and Mechanism of Bacterial Disinfection by Chlorine Dioxide American Society for Microbiology (ISSN: 0569-7603) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC546889/
25. Study on the Resistance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus Elsevier (ISSN: 0922-3444) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166093405000649?via%3Dihub
26. Protective Effect of Low-Concentration Chlorine Dioxide Journal of General Virology (ISSN: 1465-2099) https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.83393-0
27. Can Nasal Irrigation with Chlorine Dioxide Be Considered as a Potential Alternative Therapy for Respiratory Infectious Diseases? The Example of COVID-19 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36504072/
28. Infection Prevention and Tissue Repair in Skin Lesions Using Treatments Based on a Chlorine Dioxide Solution: Case Studies https://www.literaturepublishers.org/assets/images/articles/pNf0Sb_ziYD97_60HZa5_3mc6LU_399176.pdf
29. Toxicity of the Spike Protein of COVID-19 Is a Redox Shift Phenomenon: A Novel Therapeutic Approach El Servier - Free Radical Biology and Medicine DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.034 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891584923005014
30. Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite as Treatments for Diabetic Foot Ulcers International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences DOI:10.5897/IJMMS2023.1503 https://www.semanticscholar.org/reader/a29e004fec0292d0bddaa0d616e29a529019a34b
31. Case Report: Compassionate Application of Chlorine Dioxide-Based Solution in a Patient with Metastatic Prostate Cancer Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024699
32. Eradication of Antibiotic-Resistant E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa with Chlorine Dioxide In Vitro European Society of Medicine. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4218
33. Pain Comparison with Visual Analog Scale (EVA) in Patients with Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG) and Wisdom Pericoronitis during Chlorine Dioxide Treatments https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/pain-comparison-with-visual-analog-scale-eva-inpatients-with-acute-necrotizing-ulcerative-gingivitisanug-and-wisdom-pericoronitis--86735.html
34. Case report: Resolution of pathologic fracture from metastatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with compassionate therapy https://sct.ageditor.ar/index.php/sct/article/view/828/115
35. The Anticancer Potential of Chlorine Dioxide in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells Published online 2022 Oct 6. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29989 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9636887/pdf/cureus-0014-00000029989.pdf
36. Monitoring of the method of decontamination with chlorine dioxide in  rooms  previously  occupied  by  patients  colonized  with  multidrug-resistant  Acinetobacter https://sct.ageditor.ar/index.php/sct/article/view/691/1171
37. Influence of chlorine dioxide on cell death and cell cycle of human gingival fibroblasts https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2008.08.006
38. Anticancer and Antiviral Activity of Chlorine Dioxide by Its Induction of the Reactive Oxygen Species https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201611639306040.pdf
39. Chlorine dioxide as a possible adjunct to metabolic treatment L. Schwartz https://www.cancertreatmentjournal.com/articles/chlorine-dioxide-as-a-possible-adjunct-to-metabolic-treatment.pdf
40. Effectiveness of Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide on Respiratory Transmitted, Enteric, and Bloodborne Viruses: A Narrative Synthesis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8398083/pdf/pathogens-10-01017.pdf
41. Hyperpure chlorine dioxide versus chlorhexidine in intra-oral halitosis (ODOR trial) – protocol of a double-blinded, double-arm, parallel non-inferiority pilot randomized controlled trial https://www.nature.com/articles/s41405-024-00221-8.pdf
42. Determination of the Survival of Bees with Deformed Wing Virus and Nosemosis using a New Oxalate- Based Compound (p20) in 20 Hives Located in El Garraf, Barcelona, Spain. Proof of Concept. https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/determination-of-the-survival-of-bees-with-deformed-wing-virus-and-nosemosis-using-a-new-oxalate-based-compound-p20-in-20-hives-lo-100573.html
43. Clarifying The Science of Chlorine Dioxide Solution (CDS): Addressing Misinformation and Establishing Evidence for Medical Use DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v8-i03-54 https://ijmra.in/v8i3/54.php
44. Treatment of a California Sea Lion Bite Using Antibiotics and Chlorine Dioxide Solution During a Remote Expedition, Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse1, , Luis A. Soto-García1, , Manuel Aparicio2 https://journalofindependentmedicine.org/articles/v01n02a08/

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