CDS research Blog

What do D-dimer values and ferritin indicate about the condition of the body?

D-dimer values and ferritin levels are important biomarkers that can provide significant insights into the condition of the body.

D-dimer is a small protein fragment that is present in the blood after a blood clot dissolves. Elevated levels of D-dimer can indicate that there is an increased amount of clot formation and breakdown in the body, which may suggest conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). However, elevated D-dimer levels can also be seen in other situations such as infection, inflammation, or recent surgery, so they must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings and other diagnostic tests.

Ferritin, on the other hand, is a protein that stores iron in the body and releases it in a controlled fashion, playing a crucial role in iron metabolism. Low ferritin levels typically indicate low iron stores, which can lead to iron deficiency anemia, causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Conversely, high ferritin levels may indicate an excess of iron in the body or inflammation, as ferritin is an acute-phase reactant that can increase in response to inflammatory conditions or infections.

Together, D-dimer and ferritin levels can provide valuable information regarding clotting status and iron metabolism, helping healthcare providers assess and manage various medical conditions effectively.

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Known types list of Cancer

There are several known types of cancer that affect different parts of the body. Each type has its own characteristics and treatment options. Some of the most common types include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, skin cancer, and leukemia. Additionally, there are other less common types such as pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, and kidney cancer. Each of these cancers can vary significantly in their symptoms, risk factors, and prognosis. Understanding the specific type of cancer is crucial for determining the most effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

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Efficacy list of ClO₂ against known Pathogens

The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) against known pathogens has been studied extensively in various settings, demonstrating its effectiveness as a powerful antimicrobial agent. Research indicates that ClO2 is capable of inactivating a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This includes common pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, among others.

In addition to its bactericidal properties, ClO2 has shown significant antiviral activity against viruses such as influenza and norovirus, making it an important consideration for infection control in both healthcare and food processing environments. Studies have consistently illustrated that ClO2 operates effectively over a range of concentrations and exposure times, allowing for versatility in its application.

Furthermore, the mode of action of chlorine dioxide involves the disruption of cellular processes and the oxidation of essential biomolecules, which contributes to its broad-spectrum efficacy. As a result, ClO2 is being increasingly utilized in various disinfection protocols, especially in areas where controlling pathogens is crucial for public health and safety.

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Report on CDS by Dr. Luis Prieto Valiente, PhD, is a professor at UCAM (Catholic University of Murcia) using Chlorine Dioxide as an “unproven intervention”

Report by Dr. Luis Prieto Valiente, PhD,

an esteemed professor of Statistical Analysis and Research Methodology, regarding the significance, or lack thereof, of employing Chlorine Dioxide as an “unproven intervention” in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. This report aims to critically evaluate the existing evidence surrounding the use of Chlorine Dioxide, assessing its potential benefits and drawbacks in the context of the ongoing pandemic. The analysis will explore various studies, clinical trials, and expert opinions to determine whether this substance should be considered a viable option for patients suffering from COVID-19 or if it poses more risks than advantages.

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Chlorine dioxide drinking water test as an indication of oxygen deficiency or increased oxygen demand by means of lactate determination in capillary blood before and after administration of the oxygen donor ClO₂ (Chlorine dioxide) in drinking water

by Dr. Peter Römer

Physiological Basis of Lactate Production and Measurement

Energy Production in the Body

Energy in the human body is primarily produced as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) within the mitochondria, which are often referred to as the cell's power plants or energy factories. This intricate process predominantly utilizes glucose through a biochemical pathway known as aerobic glycolysis when oxygen is present. During this efficient metabolic process, approximately 36 moles of ATP are generated per mole of glucose consumed, alongside minimal lactate production, which typically occurs when oxygen levels are low or during intense physical activity. This remarkable ability of the mitochondria to convert energy from nutrients into a usable form is essential for maintaining cellular functions and overall bodily health.

Impact of Oxygen Deficiency

In situations where oxygen availability is significantly limited—such as during the aging process, periods of intense physical exertion, or in the presence of chronic diseases like cardiac insufficiency—along with respiratory weakness, or conditions such as Long Covid—the body adapts by resorting to a metabolic pathway known as partially anaerobic glycolysis. This alternative metabolic pathway is crucial under these circumstances, as it allows the body to continue producing energy despite the lack of sufficient oxygen. However, it is important to note that this method of energy production is less efficient than aerobic respiration, yielding only 2 moles of ATP per mole of glucose consumed. Additionally, this process leads to the generation of lactic acid, which can be detected in the bloodstream as lactate. The accumulation of lactate can have various physiological implications and may contribute to feelings of fatigue and muscle discomfort.

Lactate Measurement Procedure

The Lactate Pro 2 measuring device from ARKRAY is employed for lactate measurements. The sensitivity of this device necessitates strict adherence to the testing protocol:

1. Pre-Test Preparations:
   • Avoid vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) supplements for at least 2 hours prior to testing, as they may elevate lactate levels.
   • Abstain from eating for one hour before the test.
   • Avoid chlorine dioxide (CDL) intake, physical exertion, and stress, as these can also affect lactate levels.
2. Test Conditions:
   • The subject should remain seated and refrain from emotional discussions for 10 minutes before testing.
   • Wash the fingers of the test hand with soap and dry them.
   • At minute 9, rinse fingers with water to remove sweat containing lactate.
3. Testing Steps:
   • Open a test strip and insert it into the device 30 seconds before testing.
   • Use a lancet to puncture the finger, allowing a small drop of blood to form without squeezing excessively.
   • Position the test strip vertically to the blood drop until the device beeps, then wait 15 seconds to read the result.

Normal Values and Interpretation

• Normal lactate levels range from 0.5 to 2.2 mmol/L, with typical resting values between 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L.
• A variation/accuracy of ±20% is expected with this test.

For lactate values exceeding 1.0 mmol/L, administration of 6 ml of 0.3% chlorine dioxide solution diluted in 200 ml of tap water is recommended. Re-testing after 5 minutes can indicate effectiveness if there is a reduction of >20%, suggesting relative oxygen deficiency in the body.

Clinical Implications

In individuals with chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, lactate levels can be 2-3 times higher compared to healthy populations. Elevated lactate (>2.2 mmol/L) denotes clinical oxygen deficiency, while values between 1.0-2.2 mmol/L with a positive CDL test indicate subclinical oxygen deficiency.

Case Example

For instance, an individual aged 77 had a baseline lactate value of 2.9 mmol/L on July 23, 2023. After ingesting chlorine dioxide solution:

• 5 minutes later: Lactate decreased to 1.4 mmol/L (a reduction of >20%).
• 10 minutes later: Further decrease to 1.2 mmol/L.

This suggests an improvement in oxygen availability, indicating that further administration of chlorine dioxide may be beneficial.

Conclusion

Chlorine dioxide, when used within specified non-toxic doses, is believed to enhance oxygen partial pressure throughout the body and possesses potential deacidifying and anti-infectious properties. Understanding lactate dynamics and oxygen availability is crucial for managing chronic conditions and optimizing physical performance.

References

1. Flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Laktat
2. Dariusalamouti.de/schoenheitslexikon/l/laktat-und-laktatschwelle
3. Harthum, T. Analysis of Exercise-Dependent Blood Lactate Concentration during Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation (Master's Thesis, University of Vienna, 2015).
4. Fitbook.de/fitness/was-ist-laktat-1
5. Gesundheits-lexikon.com/labormedizin-Labordiagnostik/sonstiges/Laktat.html
6. Medicoconsult.de/laktat/
7. Flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Laktat
8. ScienceDirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254620300193
9. Supplement to the Lactate Pro 2 Test Strip
10. Senslab.de Sources of Error and Notes on Sampling for Lactate Measurements
11. Federal Environment Agency Guidelines on Drinking Water Treatment Substances (Status January 2023).