Toxicity Studies ClO2

Facts versus fiction

The narrative perpetuated by certain media outlets suggests that chlorine dioxide is toxic and that there is a lack of scientific studies or clinical trials regarding its safety and efficacy. This message aims to clarify that such assertions are misleading.

It is essential to demonstrate that chlorine dioxide, when used at the recommended dosages, is not toxic. Furthermore, there exists substantial scientific evidence supporting its viricidal, antibacterial, and antiparasitic properties, among others.

To substantiate these claims, we present a comprehensive compilation of nearly 60 studies conducted on both animals and humans over several years.

We encourage this information to reach a wide audience, particularly within the healthcare community, to join the ranks of countless professionals who have critically evaluated the available evidence and are beginning to recognize the potential benefits of chlorine dioxide. This is a call to action for the betterment of public health and the preservation of lives.

Scientific evidence is not decided by the press, as the integrity of scientific inquiry relies on rigorous methodologies, peer review, and reproducibility of results. The media often plays a vital role in disseminating information to the public; however, it is crucial to recognize that journalistic interpretations can often oversimplify complex findings or introduce bias to comply with a paid agenda . This highlights the importance of maintaining a clear distinction between scientific discourse and media reporting. Researchers and academicians must remain vigilant in communicating their findings accurately, ensuring that the nuances of scientific evidence are preserved and understood beyond sensational headlines.

There are several toxicity studies where the American EPA study is considererd the most accepted. The grafic Composed By Dr. Campra helps to understand better.

EPA Toxicity Study

toxicity CDS

https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/0648tr.pdf

Controversy

The discussion about the safety and efficacy of Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS) and chlorine dioxide solution (CDS) has increasingly come to the fore in recent years. Often, these two substances are confused with each other, although they have different chemical properties and uses. This article aims to refute the claims about MMS and clarify the differences between MMS and CDS.

Chlorine dioxide is a substance that remains poorly understood, even among many professionals, leading to frequent confusion. It is important to distinguish between two related forms: the classic sodium chlorite mixture, commonly known as Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS), and the distilled product known as chlorine dioxide solution (CDS).

MMS is primarily composed of sodium chlorite (NaClO₂), which can produce chlorine dioxide when mixed with an acid. This process can lead to unwanted secondary reactions in the stomach, raising concerns about its safety and efficacy. On the other hand, CDS is a purified form of chlorine dioxide gas that does not produce these secondary reactions, offering different toxicity profiles compared to sodium chlorite.

In scientific discourse, it is crucial to rely on established facts rather than opinions. Understanding the distinct properties and uses of MMS and CDS is essential in evaluating their safety and effectiveness.

Chemical Composition

MMS (Miracle Mineral Solution) contains sodium chlorite (NaClO2) at a concentration of 28%. When activated with an acid, typically citric acid or HCL, it produces chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which is considered the active ingredient.

CDS (chlorine dioxide solution), on the other hand, is a solution that contains chlorine dioxide in a stable form and does not require a precursor such as sodium chlorite.

Chlorine dioxide solution (CDS) is a stable solution that contains chlorine dioxide gas dissolved in water. Unlike sodium chlorite, which requires activation to produce chlorine dioxide, CDS is ready to use without needing a precursor.

Due to its gaseous nature when dissolved in water, CDS does not react with stomach acid like some other chlorine compounds do. This is significant for its applications, as it has different effects and uses compared to other chlorine-based solutions.

The key differences in chemical composition lead to different uses and safety profiles:

• MMS: or Miracle Mineral Solution, is often promoted and marketed as a dietary supplement. However, it is important to note that it is not approved for such use in many countries around the world. This product is essentially a mixture of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) combined with an acid, which results in the release of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas. It is crucial to understand that this chemical reaction is inherently unstable due to the presence of chlorite in the mixture, leading to potential safety concerns. The promotion of MMS as a health remedy raises significant questions about its efficacy and the lack of regulatory oversight in its distribution and use.
• CDS: This compound has achieved broader acceptance across a diverse array of applications, particularly within the field of health treatment, and is employed under increasingly stringent regulatory standards compared to many other therapeutic alternatives. It is essential to note that only the gaseous byproduct of the chemical reaction is solubilized in water, a process analogous to that employed in the production of mineral water. This distinctive property ensures that CDS does not induce secondary reactions with gastric acids, facilitating rapid absorption into the bloodstream. Moreover, it is significant to highlight that CDS has received legal authorization in Bolivia for use in human treatment, specifically targeting Covid-19. This endorsement underscores its recognition and integration within certain medical and regulatory frameworks, reflecting a growing body of research supporting its efficacy and safety in clinical applications.
• more chemical data

Misconceptions and misinformation

1. Toxicity

It has been claimed that the toxicity of MMS has been judged on the basis of studies on the toxicity of sodium chlorite. The WHO and the EPA have issued guidelines for maximum exposure to chlorite, which is 292 ppm per kilogram of body weight. However, these levels refer to controlled conditions and not to the unregulated ingestion of MMS.

The adverse events associated with the use of Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS) as reported in various World Health Organization (WHO) documents can be attributed not only to the inherent properties of sodium chlorite but also to its improper application and dosage. When consumed, MMS can generate severe side effects depending on the doses. Notably, there is lack of scientifically validated cases linking the consumption of MMS to fatalities, even among individuals who have ingested the substance. This observation underscores the necessity for rigorous scientific scrutiny and a nuanced understanding of both the potential risks and the contextual factors influencing the adverse effects associated with it.

Published studies and related

STUDIES ON THE SAFETY AND TOXICITY OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE

1.- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5369164/

(2017) Efficacy and safety evaluation of a chlorine dioxide solution.

2.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2764564/

(1989) Effect of disinfection of drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium parvum using chlorine dioxide.

3.- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/

(1982) Demonstration of the safety of oral ingestion of chlorine dioxide and its metabolites, chlorite and chlorate.

4.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6520727/

(1984) Effects of acute administration of increasing doses of chlorine dioxide, chlorate and chlorite in humans.

5.- pmid:31015141

(2019) Evaluation of adenoviruses in a drinking water treatment plant by UV and chlorine dioxide disinfection.

6.- https://atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp160.pdf

(2004) Toxicological profile of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

7.- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344876982_TOXICIDAD_DEL_DIOXIDO_DE_CLORO_Y_DEL_CLORITO

(2020) Toxicity of chlorine dioxide and chlorite.

8.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36504072/

(2022) Safety of chlorine dioxide nasal irrigation and its efficacy as an alternative therapy for respiratory infectious diseases.

TRIALS AND STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THE EFFICACY OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE.

9.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20616431/

(2010) On the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide (CD) and sodium hypochlorite (SH) against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus. The antiviral activity of CD was approximately 10 times higher than that of SH.

10.- https://aem.asm.org/content/71/6/3100

(2005) Studies and efficacy of chlorine dioxide in the inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline calicivirus by chlorine dioxide.

11.- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818415/

(2013) Mechanism of action: Chlorine dioxide is a size-selective antimicrobial agent.

12.- pmid:28642746

(2017) Viricidal activity of chlorine dioxide-based disinfectants against human norovirus and its surrogate, feline calicivirus, on hard-to-reach surfaces.

13.- pmid:29558681

(2018) Study and Evaluation of gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivation of Tulane virus in blueberries.

14.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29706335/

(2018) Effectiveness of different combined antimicrobial washes against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on blueberries.

15.- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336768v3

(2020) Study and Evaluation of the antiviral effect of chlorine dioxide in a vertebrate inoculated with avian coronavirus.

16.-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567134818305549#:~:text=Research%20paper-,Chlorine%20dioxide%20inhibits%20the%20replication%20of%20porcine%20reproductive%20and,virus%20by%20blocking%20viral%20attachment

(2019) Chlorine dioxide inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by blocking viral binding.

17.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3902657/

(1985) In vitro investigations on the antibacterial action and influence on phagocytic chemiluminescence of tetrachlorodecaoxide, a new non-metallic oxygen complex.

18.-https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/095632029200300204?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.3

(1992) The antiviral activity of tetrachlorodecaoxide against herpes simplex virus type 1 and the virucidal effect of the drug.

19.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32208977/

(2020) Can chlorine dioxide prevent the spread of coronavirus or other viral infections? Medical hypotheses.

20.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26391926/

(2015) On the Interaction of chlorite-based drug WF10 and chlorite with hemoglobin, methemoglobin and ferril hemoglobin.

21.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27776433/

(2016) On Inhibition of heme-induced red blood cell hemolysis by chlorite-based drug WF10.

22.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22799207/

(2012) Modes of action of chlorine dioxide: a review.

23.- https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/am.15.2.257-265.1967

(1967) On the kinetics and mechanism of bacterial disinfection by chlorine dioxide.

24.-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321315675_Chlorine_dioxide_as_a_possible_adjunct_to_metabolic_treatment

(2017) Study of chlorine dioxide as a possible adjunct to metabolic treatment.

25.- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EXobhZo1-gQ_JE6C6g8ZGjSobTCs_it9/view

(2021) Chlorine dioxide: an effective alternative for the treatment of sars-cov2 (COVID 19).

26.- https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04343742

(2020) Determination of the effectiveness of oral chlorine dioxide in the treatment of COVID 19.

27.- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637235/

(2008) A randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrates efficacy of chlorine dioxide on oral malodor.

28.-https://in.dental-tribune.com/news/clinical-use-of-chlorine-dioxide-in-the-prevention-of-coronavirus-spread-through-dental-aerosols/

(2020) Clinical use of chlorine dioxide in preventing the spread of coronavirus through dental sprays.

29.-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1067251611002560#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20when%20added%20to,the%20formation%20of%20granulation%20tissue.

(2011) Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial demonstrated efficacy of chlorine dioxide in patients with diabetic foot ulcer.

30.- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02962364

(1998) Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial demonstrated efficacy of chlorine dioxide in AIDS patients.

31.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542165/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20WF10%20therapy%20is%20a,a%20one%20year%20follow%20up.

(2004) Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with chlorine dioxide demonstrated efficacy in reducing recurrence of late hemorrhagic radiation cystitis.

32.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17926989/

(2007) Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with chlorine dioxide demonstrated efficacy in the incidence and severity of acute radiation mucositis in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer.

33.- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5524125/#:~:text=NP001%20is%20a%20novel%20regulator,administration%20on%20monocyte%20activation%20markers.

(2017) NP001 Regulation trial shows efficacy on markers of macrophage activation in ALS: a phase I clinical and biomarker study.

34.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25884010/

(2015) Phase 2 randomized trial of NP001, shows efficacy as a novel immune regulator: safety and early efficacy in ALS.

35.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3804815/

(1987) Enhancement of tumor spheroid oxygenation by tetrachlorodecaoxide.

36.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15474529/

(2004) Differential effects on innate versus adaptive immune responses by the chlorite-based drug WF10.

37.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21629753/

(2011) Chlorite-based drug WF10 stimulates Natural Killers cell cytotoxicity by enhancing LFA-1-mediated adhesion to tumor cells.

38.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15218896/

(2004) Clinical and microbiological efficacy of chlorine dioxide in the treatment of chronic atrophic candidiasis: an open-label study.

39.- https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3279/193546488

(2022) Eradication of Borrelia Burgdoferi in vitro by chlorine dioxide: a novel approach.

40.-https://www.literaturepublishers.org/assets/images/articles/pNf0Sb_ziYD97_60HZa5_3mc6LU_399176.pdf

(2023) Infection prevention and tissue repair in skin lesions by chlorine dioxide solution-based treatments: case studies.

41.- https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.83393-0

(2008) Protective effect of low concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection.

42.- https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/106659

(2020) Effects of chlorine dioxide on oral hygiene: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

43.-https://medcraveonline.com/JBMOA/mrsa-eradication-using-chlorine-dioxide.html

(2021) Eradication of MRSA by chlorine dioxide.

44.-https://medcraveonline.com/IJVV/chlorine-dioxide-clo2-as-a-non-toxic-antimicrobial-agent-for-virus-bacteria-and-yeast-candida-albicans.html

(2016) Chlorine dioxide as a non-toxic antimicrobial agent for viruses, bacteria and yeasts (Candida Albicans).

45.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18274345/

(2007) Investigation on the viricidal activity of chlorine dioxide, experimental data on feline calicivirus, HAV and Coxsackie B5.

46.-https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/abs/inactivation-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-by-a-medical-waste-disposal-process-using-chlorine-dioxide/947BA02B945DF24FDFEBB11E99690164

(2016) Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by a medical waste disposal process using chlorine dioxide.

47.-https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.044263-0

(2012) Inactivation of influenza virus hemagglutinin by chlorine dioxide.

48.- https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bio/15/2/15_2_45/_article

(2010) Evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus, and canine parvovirus.

49.-https://academic.oup.com/jee/article-abstract/65/1/19/2210444?redurectedFrom=fulltext

(1972) Study shows that chlorine dioxide increases longevity of bees.

50.-https://www.hilarispublisher.com/abstract/chlorine-dioxide-in-covid19-hypothesis-about-the-possible-mechanism-of-molecular-action-in-sarscov2-52824.html

(2021) Chlorine dioxide in COVID-19: hypothesis on possible molecular mechanism of action in SARS-CoV-2.

51.- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5

(2021) Comparative study of hyperpure chlorine dioxide with two other irrigants with respect to periodontal ligament stem cell viability.

52.- https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.56.5.1363-1366.1990

(1990) Inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide.

53.- https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bi061827u

(2007) Study on protein denaturation by chlorine dioxide: oxidative modification of tryptophan and tyrosine † residues.

54.- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6295277/

(1982) Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine.

55.- https://revista.saludcyt.ar/ojs/index.php/sct/article/view/699

(2024) Case report: compassionate application of a chlorine dioxide-based solution in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer.

56.- https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4218/99193547165

(2023) Eradication of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa with chlorine dioxide in vitro.

57.-https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/chlorine-dioxide-as-an-alternative-treatment-for-covid19.pdf

(2021) Chlorine dioxide as an alternative in the treatment of Covid 19.

58.- http://ijmra.in/v4i8/2.php

(2021) Observational study on the efficacy of chlorine dioxide in relatives of patients with Covid 19.

59.- http://ijmra.in/v4i8/14.php

(2021) Long-term effects of Covid 19 in patients treated with chlorine dioxide.

PATENTS

60.- https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016074203A1/en

(2016) Cell apoptosis inducer containing chlorine dioxide and use thereof in the preparation of cosmetics or anti-aging or antineoplastic drugs.

61 -https://patents.google.com/patent/US20190015445A1/

(2019) Chlorine dioxide-containing injection in therapeutic applications such as in vivo stem cell regeneration, anti-tumor and anti-aging.

62 - https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018185346A1/en

(2018) The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing chlorine dioxide for the systemic, particularly parenteral, treatment of infectious diseases.

63.- https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018185347A1/en

(2018) Invention with Chlorine dioxide for for rectal intestinal lavage, ureteral and bladder lavage or as an isotonic solution for use in the systemic treatment of acute or chronic diseases. Internal inflammations and clinically relevant symptoms or states of the human or animal organism caused thereby.

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

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Elsevier Peer-Reviewed Academic Literature Platform. Science Direct.